It is possible, but limited.
First, add class="win-large" to the progress element.
Then style the height to a value up to 7px, which in my tests seems to be the internal size limit.
I tested this with these elements:
4 px <progress id="test4" class="win-large"></progress>
5 px <progress id="test5" class="win-large"></progress>
6 px <progress id="test6" class="win-large"></progress>
7 px <progress id="test7" class="win-large"></progress>
8 px <progress id="test8" class="win-large"></progress>
9 px <progress id="test9" class="win-large"></progress>
10px <progress id="test10" class="win-large"></progress>
And these styles:
#test4 {
height: 4px;
}
#test5 {
height: 5px;
}
#test6 {
height: 6px;
}
#test7 {
height: 7px;
}
#test8 {
height: 8px;
}
#test9 {
height: 9px;
}
#test10 {
height: 10px;
}
With these results, showing the 7px cap:

Kraig
Author,
Programming Windows Store Apps with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, Second Edition,
a free ebook from Microsoft Press.
First edition (for Windows 8) also available.