Hi davidb_codeoasis,
Since one thread for one issue, if possible, I suggest you open new threads for different issue.
>>1. What are the minimum privileges needed for VS2010 to be able to attach to w3wp.exe?
By default, the ASP.NET worker process runs as an ASPNET user process. As a result, we must have Administrator privileges on the computer where ASP.NET runs to debug it.
Reference:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/3s68z0b3.aspx
>>2. what are the minimum privileges a user needs to be able to manage local IIS?
For the local IIS issue, I suggest you discuss this issue with the IIS Team experts here:
https://forums.iis.net/
You could also get some useful information here:

Reference:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/58wxa9w5(v=vs.120).aspx#iisdisadvantages
>>3. Is there another way to debug the asp.net app WITHOUT changing our whole DevOps workflow?
For this issue, as far as I know, we often debug the web app using the IIS or remote debugging tool, not very sure that whether certain way is what you want to use.
Remote debugging:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/mt621540.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396
Best Regards,
Jack
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